pylops.optimization.sparsity.SPGL1

pylops.optimization.sparsity.SPGL1(Op, data, SOp=None, tau=0, sigma=0, x0=None, **kwargs_spgl1)[source]

Spectral Projected-Gradient for L1 norm.

Solve a constrained system of equations given the operator Op and a sparsyfing transform SOp aiming to retrive a model that is sparse in the sparsyfing domain.

This is a simple wrapper to spgl1.spgl1 which is a porting of the well-known SPGL1 MATLAB solver into Python. In order to be able to use this solver you need to have installed the spgl1 library.

Parameters:
Op : pylops.LinearOperator

Operator to invert

data : numpy.ndarray

Data

SOp : pylops.LinearOperator

Sparsyfing transform

tau : float

Non-negative LASSO scalar. If different from 0, SPGL1 will solve LASSO problem

sigma : list

BPDN scalar. If different from 0, SPGL1 will solve BPDN problem

x0 : numpy.ndarray

Initial guess

**kwargs_spgl1

Arbitrary keyword arguments for spgl1.spgl1 solver

Returns:
xinv : numpy.ndarray

Inverted model in original domain.

pinv : numpy.ndarray

Inverted model in sparse domain.

info : dict

Dictionary with the following information:

tau, final value of tau (see sigma above)

rnorm, two-norm of the optimal residual

rgap, relative duality gap (an optimality measure)

gnorm, Lagrange multiplier of (LASSO)

stat,

1: found a BPDN solution, 2: found a BP solution; exit based on small gradient, 3: found a BP solution; exit based on small residual, 4: found a LASSO solution, 5: error, too many iterations, 6: error, linesearch failed, 7: error, found suboptimal BP solution, 8: error, too many matrix-vector products.

niters, number of iterations

nProdA, number of multiplications with A

nProdAt, number of multiplications with A’

n_newton, number of Newton steps

time_project, projection time (seconds)

time_matprod, matrix-vector multiplications time (seconds)

time_total, total solution time (seconds)

niters_lsqr, number of lsqr iterations (if subspace_min=True)

xnorm1, L1-norm model solution history through iterations

rnorm2, L2-norm residual history through iterations

lambdaa, Lagrange multiplier history through iterations

Raises:
ModuleNotFoundError

If the spgl1 library is not installed

Notes

Solve different variations of sparsity-promoting inverse problem by imposing sparsity in the retrieved model [1].

The first problem is called basis pursuit denoise (BPDN) and its cost function is

\[||\mathbf{x}||_1 \quad subj. to \quad ||\mathbf{Op}\mathbf{S}^H\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{b}||_2 <= \sigma,\]

while the second problem is the l1-regularized least-squares or LASSO problem and its cost function is

\[||\mathbf{Op}\mathbf{S}^H\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{b}||_2 \quad subj. to \quad ||\mathbf{x}||_1 <= \tau\]
[1]van den Berg E., Friedlander M.P., “Probing the Pareto frontier for basis pursuit solutions”, SIAM J. on Scientific Computing, vol. 31(2), pp. 890-912. 2008.

Examples using pylops.optimization.sparsity.SPGL1