pylops.utils.signalprocessing.slope_estimate#
- pylops.utils.signalprocessing.slope_estimate(d, dz=1.0, dx=1.0, smooth=5, eps=0.0, dips=False)[source]#
Local slope estimation
Local slopes are estimated using the Structure Tensor algorithm [1]. Slopes are returned as \(\tan\theta\), defined in a RHS coordinate system with \(z\)-axis pointing upward.
Note
For stability purposes, it is important to ensure that the orders of magnitude of the samplings are similar.
- Parameters
- d
np.ndarray Input dataset of size \(n_z \times n_x\)
- dz
float, optional Sampling in \(z\)-axis, \(\Delta z\)
Warning
Since version 1.17.0, defaults to 1.0.
- dx
float, optional Sampling in \(x\)-axis, \(\Delta x\)
Warning
Since version 1.17.0, defaults to 1.0.
- smooth
floatornp.ndarray, optional Standard deviation for Gaussian kernel. The standard deviations of the Gaussian filter are given for each axis as a sequence, or as a single number, in which case it is equal for all axes.
Warning
Default changed in version 1.17.0 to 5 from previous value of 20.
- eps
float, optional New in version 1.17.0.
Regularization term. All slopes where \(|g_{zx}| < \epsilon \max_{(x, z)} \{|g_{zx}|, |g_{zz}|, |g_{xx}|\}\) are set to zero. All anisotropies where \(\lambda_\text{max} < \epsilon\) are also set to zero. See Notes. When using with small values of
smooth, start from a very small number (e.g. 1e-10) and start increasing by a power of 10 until results are satisfactory.- dips
bool, optional New in version 2.0.0.
Return dips (
True) instead of slopes (False).
- d
- Returns
- slopes
np.ndarray Estimated local slopes. The unit is that of \(\Delta z/\Delta x\).
Warning
Prior to version 1.17.0, always returned dips.
- anisotropies
np.ndarray Estimated local anisotropies: \(1-\lambda_\text{min}/\lambda_\text{max}\)
Note
Since 1.17.0, changed name from
linearitytoanisotropies. Definition remains the same.
- slopes
Notes
For each pixel of the input dataset \(\mathbf{d}\) the local gradients \(g_z = \frac{\partial \mathbf{d}}{\partial z}\) and \(g_x = \frac{\partial \mathbf{d}}{\partial x}\) are computed and used to define the following three quantities:
\[\begin{split}\begin{align} g_{zz} &= \left(\frac{\partial \mathbf{d}}{\partial z}\right)^2\\ g_{xx} &= \left(\frac{\partial \mathbf{d}}{\partial x}\right)^2\\ g_{zx} &= \frac{\partial \mathbf{d}}{\partial z}\cdot\frac{\partial \mathbf{d}}{\partial x} \end{align}\end{split}\]They are then spatially smoothed and at each pixel their smoothed versions are arranged in a \(2 \times 2\) matrix called the smoothed gradient-square tensor:
\[\begin{split}\mathbf{G} = \begin{bmatrix} g_{zz} & g_{zx} \\ g_{zx} & g_{xx} \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]Local slopes can be expressed as \(p = \frac{\lambda_\text{max} - g_{zz}}{g_{zx}}\), where \(\lambda_\text{max}\) is the largest eigenvalue of \(\mathbf{G}\).
Similarly, local dips can be expressed as \(\tan(2\theta) = 2g_{zx} / (g_{zz} - g_{xx})\).
Moreover, we can obtain a measure of local anisotropy, defined as
\[a = 1-\lambda_\text{min}/\lambda_\text{max}\]where \(\lambda_\text{min}\) is the smallest eigenvalue of \(\mathbf{G}\). A value of \(a = 0\) indicates perfect isotropy whereas \(a = 1\) indicates perfect anisotropy.
- 1
Van Vliet, L. J., Verbeek, P. W., “Estimators for orientation and anisotropy in digitized images”, Journal ASCI Imaging Workshop. 1995.
